Why Can't I Breathe?

　　Why Can't I Breathe?

　　It's not a surprise to find yourself short of breath after a workout. But are you out of air when you're at rest, or even lying down? If so, it might be a sign of a larger problem. You need to get it checked out by your doctor right away.
　　Shortness of breath is a symptom of a lot of medical conditions. Watch out for other issues that may go along with your airflow problem.
　　Allergies
　　Your breathing trouble could be an allergy to a food, pet, or something in the air. Your immune system -- the body's defense against germs -- treats those things like a foreign invader that needs to be fought off.
　　Besides shortness of breath, you might have:
　　Vomiting
　　Hives or rash
　　Coughing, sneezing, or runny nose
　　Watery eyes
　　Tightness in the throat
　　Trouble swallowing or swelling of your tongue
　　Dizziness
　　Fatigue
　　Some common foods that some people are allergic to are eggs, milk, nuts, shellfish, and wheat. Things in the air that can set off your allergies are dust, pollen, and pet dander -- tiny pieces of skin that are shed by cats, dogs, and other animals.
　　Your doctor can give you tests that pinpoint the triggers for your allergies. Medications, such as antihistamines, can help relieve many symptoms. Your doctor may also recommend immunotherapy, a long-term treatment plan that involves regular injections.
　　Asthma
　　It might feel like someone is sitting on your chest or you can't get enough air in or out. You take short breaths to try to get as much in.
　　Asthma is one of the most common lung diseases. It can be triggered by something you're allergic to, like pollen, or from an irritant in the air, like smoke. Stress, exercise, or even a change in the weather can set it off.
　　In addition to shortness of breath, it can cause:
　　Coughing
　　Tightness in the chest
　　Wheezing
　　To keep it under control, work with your doctor to create a treatment plan. First, avoid all triggers except exercise, which is important for your overall health.
　　You can try two kinds of medicines. One is for long-term control and the other is for quick relief.
　　Atrial Fibrillation
　　Your heart works hard for you your whole life. But sometimes its rhythm gets off-kilter. When it skips a beat or flutters in an unusual way, it's known as atrial fibrillation (AFib). The upper chambers of your heart quiver, and it can become less effective at pumping blood. This can lead to blood clots, stroke, and heart failure.
　　When you have AFib, you'll notice some other symptoms besides shortness of breath.
　　Fatigue
　　Rapid or irregular heartbeat
　　Dizziness
　　Weakness
　　Anxiety
　　Faintness
　　Sweating
　　Chest pains
　　Doctors can treat your AFib with medications, but you can also keep it in check by some lifestyle changes, such as drinking less coffee.
　　Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
　　It's a type of lung disease that mainly involves two conditions: long-term bronchitis and emphysema. It's generally caused by smoking.
　　Over time, your lung tissue gets damaged, and you find it harder to draw air in and out of your lungs.
　　Some other signs of COPD are:
　　Coughing
　　Frequent respiratory infections
　　Blue lips or fingernails
　　Fatigue
　　Too much phlegm or mucus
　　Wheezing
　　COPD can be managed with medication, but there's no cure, and it gets worse over time. A change in lifestyle, including exercise and eating right, can help. You may need doses of extra oxygen from a tank or another device. Your doctor might recommend surgery to repair your damaged lungs.
　　Is It Because I Quit Smoking?
　　If you've been smoking for a while, it shouldn't be a surprise if you can't breathe as well. Of the many health problems that come with tobacco, lung disease is at the top.
　　But you may not realize that when you stop lighting up, you can have short stints where you can't catch your breath.
　　As you smoke, you damage your lungs. It can take a while for them to heal once you've stopped. Aside from trouble breathing, you can have:
　　Craving for cigarettes or nicotine
　　Intense hunger
　　Coughing
　　Headaches
　　Trouble concentrating
　　Constipation
　　Fatigue
　　Sore throat
　　Trouble sleeping
　　After you put out your last cigarette, your ability to breathe normally should return in 1 to 9 months. It depends on how long and heavily you smoked.
　　What Can I Do About Shortness of Breath?
　　Don't ignore your breathing troubles or put off getting help. Your body is trying to tell you something important. Get in touch with your doctor to find the source of the problem and learn how to get relief. Once you've got a diagnosis, you'll be one step closer to breathing easier.

6 Symptoms You Shouldn't Ignore

　　6 Symptoms You Shouldn't Ignore

　　Most aches and pains aren't a sign of something serious, but certain symptoms should be checked out. See a doctor if you feel any of these things:
　　1. Weakness in Your Arms and Legs
　　If you get weak or numb in your arm, leg, or face, it can be a sign of a stroke, especially if it's on one side of your body.
　　You could also be having a stroke if you can't keep your balance, feel dizzy, or have trouble walking.
　　Get help quickly if you suddenly can't see well, get a bad headache, feel confused, or have problems speaking or understanding.
　　"Caught early, it is often reversible," says internist Jacob Teitelbaum, MD.
　　Don't wait to see a doctor. Call 911. If you get a clot-buster drug within 4.5 hours of your first symptom, you can lower your risk of long-term disability from stroke
　　2. Chest Pain
　　When it comes to chest pain, it's better to be safe than sorry.
　　"Any chest pain, especially accompanied by sweating, pressure, shortness of breath, or nausea, should be evaluated by a medical professional right away," says Shilpi Agarwal, MD, with One Medical Group in Washington, DC.
　　Chest pain or pressure can be a sign of heart disease or a heart attack, particularly if you feel it during exertion or while being active. Or, chest pain may mean problems other than with your heart; for example, you have another serious condition, such as a blood clot moving into your lung, Teitelbaum says.
　　If your chest feels tight or heavy, and it lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back again, get help. Don't try to tough it out.
　　3. Tenderness and Pain in the Back of Your Lower Leg
　　This can be a symptom of a blood clot in your leg. It's called deep vein thrombosis, or DVT. It can happen after you've been sitting for a long time, like on a long plane ride, or if you're sick and have been in bed a long time.
　　If it's a blood clot, you may feel the pain mostly when you stand or walk. You may also notice swelling. The leg is usually red and tender, and it will be larger than the other leg.
　　It's normal to feel tenderness after exercise. But if you also see redness and feel heat where it's swollen or painful, call your doctor.
　　Teitelbaum says you can also check for what's called the Homans sign. "If you flex your toes upward and it hurts, that's also suggestive of a blood clot," he says. "But don't rely on that. If it's hot, red, and swollen on one side, go to the ER."
　　It's important to catch a blood clot before it can break off and block your blood flow, which can lead to complications.
　　4. Blood in Your Urine
　　Several things can cause you to see blood when you pee.
　　If you have blood in your urine and you also feel a lot of pain in your side or in your back, you may have kidney stones. A kidney stone is a small crystal made of minerals and salts that forms in your kidney and moves through the tube that carries your urine.
　　Your doctor may take X-rays or do an ultrasound to see the stones. An X-ray uses radiation in low doses to make images of structures inside your body. An ultrasound makes images with sound waves.
　　Many kidney stones eventually pass through your body when you pee. It can be very painful. Sometimes your doctor may need to remove the kidney stone.
　　If you see blood in your urine and you also have an increase in feeling that you urgently need to pee, make frequent trips to the bathroom, or feel burning when you urinate, you may have a severe bladder or kidney infection, Teitelbaum says. Don't wait to see your doctor, especially if you have a fever.
　　If you see blood but don't feel any pain, it may be a sign of kidney or bladder cancer, so visit your doctor.
　　5. Wheezing
　　Breathing problems should be treated right away. If you're wheezing, or hear a whistling sound when you breathe, see your doctor.
　　"Without urgent evaluation, breathing can quickly become labored, and it can be catastrophic if not evaluated and treated quickly," Agarwal says.
　　It may be from asthma, a lung disease, a severe allergy, or exposure to chemicals. Your doctor can figure out what's causing it and how to treat it. If you have allergic asthma, an allergist or pulmonologist (lung specialist) will create a plan to manage it and reduce flare-ups.
　　Wheezing can also be caused by pneumonia or bronchitis. Are you coughing up yellow or green mucus? Do you also have a fever or shortness of breath? If so, you may have bronchitis that's turning into pneumonia. "Time to see your doctor," Teitelbaum says.
　　6. Suicidal Thoughts
　　If you feel hopeless or trapped, or think you have no reason to live, get help. Talking to a professional can help you make it through a crisis.
　　Go to a hospital emergency room or a walk-in clinic at a psychiatric hospital. A doctor or mental health professional will talk to you, keep you safe, and help you get through this tough time.
　　You can also call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). It's free and available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. It's confidential, so you can feel safe about sharing your thoughts.

Immune System Reboots During Sleep

　

Immune System Reboots During Sleep
　　Blood samples were taken from 14 healthy young men, average age 25, when they slept through the night and again when they stayed awake all night. The samples were analyzed for levels of T-cells, which are white blood cells that are the foundation of the immune system.
　　When the participants got a full night's sleep, levels of all types of T-cells fell within three hours of falling asleep. But T-cell levels stayed high when the volunteers stayed awake all night.
　　It's not clear where T-cells went when they left the bloodstream during sleep. But, previous research suggests they may accumulate in lymph nodes, according to the authors of the study published recently in the American Journal of Physiology -- Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.
　　The rapid fall in T-cell levels in the blood during sleep shows "that even one night without sleep affects the adaptive immune system," study first author Luciana Besedovsky said in a journal news release. "This might be one reason why regular sleep is so important for general health."
　　Besedovsky is a researcher in the Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology at the University of Tubingen in Germany.

Diabetic nephropathy in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy prescription

Diabetic nephropathy in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy prescription

(1) 60 grams of dried corn, potassium chloride 1 gram. Corn must be washed with water, and then add 500 ml of water, fry to 250 ml, morning and evening 2 sub-service. At the same time, serving potassium chloride 1 g, 3 times a day. Applicable to various types of diabetic nephropathy. Daily diet need to pay attention to, regular exercise to improve immunity. Diabetic nephropathy in the prescription

(2) live carp 2 (each about 50 grams), Burnet 15 to 30 grams, 9 to 15 grams of fresh rhubarb. Wash the fish, boiled with the above traditional Chinese medicine, half an hour before going to bed to eat fish soup. 1 day, 3 to 5 for a course of treatment. Applicable to various types of diabetic nephropathy. Stay up early to get up early can not stay up late, you can avoid sub-health, not easy to get sick. Treatment of diabetic nephropathy prescription

(3) Purple single head of garlic, castor seed 60 to 70 tablets. Will be two drug skin and shell off, with a mash (not placed too long), divided into two equal parts, respectively, coating the soles of the feet Yongquan, topical cellophane covered with a bandage tie, coating 1 week. Such as the effect is not good, then the top coating 7 days. Forbidden oral. Applicable to various types of diabetic nephropathy. Water is easily absorbed through the cell membrane by the body, so that human organs in the lactate dehydrogenase activity increased, thus effectively improve the body's resistance to disease and immunity.

(4) a centipede, a raw egg. The centipede head to the end of drying for the end of the egg from the pre-knock knocked into the egg inside the mixing, external wet paper and loess package simmer cooked, stripped of eggs to eat, eat a day, 7 days for a course of treatment. Such as urinary protein is not retired, and then served a few courses. Two courses in the middle separated by 3 days. Eggs should be included in the total daily intake of eggs during the heat. This side with hyperlipidemia should not be taken. Ill need more maintenance is not easy, often exercise to improve the immune system.

(5) black sesame seeds, walnuts, 500 grams each for a material. Two things are sent to the next warm water, each 10 grams, after serving service jujube 3, 3 times a day. After serving a material for a course of treatment. Medication should be regularly checked during urine routine, if the protein disappeared, the first 4 months can be separated by 1 to 2 days to take 1, after serving service jujube 3. This applies to all types of diabetic nephropathy.

(6) Astragalus, corn, glutinous rice root 30 grams, fried glutinous rice 10 grams. Jianshui tea, fractional service. 1 day, do not interrupt, even for 3 months. Medication should be regularly checked during the urine routine, if the disappearance of urinary protein, the first 4 months can be separated by l ~ 2 days a service. Less protein in urine for six months, the amount of service for more than a year. For Qi-diabetic nephropathy, Zheng Jian Shenpi fatigue, pale complexion minimalist, urinary protein in the course of time.

(7) Kochia scoparia 15 grams, leech powder 3 to 5 grams (into the capsule), yam 30 grams, 15 grams of dodder, Astragalus 30 grams, 18 grams of Poria, raspberry 15 grams. In addition to leech powder, the more than 6 herbs decoction 2 times, concoction 300 ml, sooner or later divided into fasting. Leeches powder into the capsule, 2 times delivery service. Applicable to kidney deficiency type diabetic nephropathy, Zheng Jian back pain limb soft, Shenpi fatigue, urine protein. Attention to eating habits, not overeating on the body is not good, easy to get gastrointestinal diseases.

(8) Astragalus 45 grams, 25 grams of red peony, Chuanxiong, Angelica, Gallus gallus domesticus, 15 grams of each herb, peach kernel, safflower, rhubarb 6 grams, 30 grams of Loranthaceae. For blood stasis type diabetic nephropathy, Zheng Jian urinary protein, fatigue, pale complexion and so on

Renal parenchymal hypertension

 

Renal parenchymal hypertension diagnosis depends on:

(1) history of renal parenchymal disease; proteinuria, hematuria and renal dysfunction occurred before or at the same time in hypertension; 

(2) physical examination often have anemia appearance, kidney mass Serum creatinine, uric acid, blood glucose, blood lipid determination; 24-hour urinary protein or urinary albumin / creatinine ratio (ACR (serum creatinine, urinary albumin, creatinine); ), 12h urinary sediment examination, such as proteinuria, hematuria and urinary white blood cells increased, you need to further the middle of urine culture, urine protein electrophoresis, urine phase contrast microscopy, clear urine protein, red blood cells and exclude infection; Kidney size and shape, and whether the tumor; found kidney volume and shape abnormalities, or found in the tumor, you need to do further renal CT / MRI to diagnose and check the cause; fundus examination; if necessary, the condition of the hospital line kidney Puncture and pathology, which is the diagnosis of renal parenchymal disease of the "gold standard." 

(4) renal hypertension and renal hypertension need to be caused by renal damage and pregnancy-induced hypertension phase identification, the former often preceded the occurrence of renal disease or hypertension at the same time with it; high blood pressure and difficult to control, easy to progress to Malignant hypertension; proteinuria / hematuria occurred early, severe degree, impaired renal function significantly. Pregnancy within 20 weeks of hypertension with proteinuria or hematuria, and prone to pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, there are still high blood pressure after childbirth, renal parenchymal hypertension. Renal parenchymal hypertension treatment should include low-salt diet (daily <6g); a large number of proteinuria and renal insufficiency, should choose a high intake of high-value protein, and limited to 0.3-0.6g / kg / d; In patients with proteinuria should be preferred ACEI or ARB as antihypertensive drugs; long-acting calcium channel blockers, diuretics, β-blockers, antihypertensive drugs, Α blockers can be used as a combination therapy drugs; such as glomerular filtration rate <30ml / min or a large number of proteinuria, thiazide diuretics ineffective, loop diuretics should be used in the treatment of about 90% of the kidney Essential hypertension is due to Shuinazhuliu and blood volume expansion due. When the renal parenchymal lesions make the kidneys lose excretion diet contains the right amount (not excessive) water, salt, it will cause water, sodium retention in the body, thereby causing excessive blood volume caused by high blood pressure. This mechanism occurs as long as there is mild renal insufficiency. Plasma renin and angiotensin II (A II) levels are usually low in these patients. its

  Hypertension can limit the water, salt intake or by dialysis to remove excess water, salt to achieve the purpose of lowering blood pressure. Whether unilateral or bilateral renal parenchymal disorders, almost every kidney disease can cause high blood pressure. Usually glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, congenital renal hypoplasia and other diseases, if the disease is more extensive and associated with vascular disease or renal ischemia more extensive, often accompanied by high blood pressure. For example, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis often due to extensive disease, severe renal ischemia, hypertension is very common; the other hand, minimal change, focal proliferative nephritis rarely hypertension. 

Renal tuberculosis, kidney stones, renal amyloidosis, hydronephrosis, pure pyelonephritis, renal medullary cyst disease and other major manifestations of interstitial damage of renal tubular lesions produce less chance of hypertension. However, these diseases once developed to affect glomerular function often appear high blood pressure. Therefore, the incidence of renal parenchymal hypertension and glomerular function status is closely related. Glomerular dysfunction, blood pressure tends to rise, end-stage renal failure, the incidence of hypertension up to 83%.

What is diabetic nephropathy

What is diabetic nephropathy, how to control? Diabetic nephropathy is commonly referred to as diabetic microangiopathy caused by diabetes - diabetic glomerulosclerosis, diabetic renal arteriosclerosis and pyelonephritis. The main feature of the lesion is glomerular (capillary plexus within the kidneys) localized or diffuse sclerosis. Glomerular sclerosis is mainly caused by long-term high blood sugar to the glomerular basement membrane on the glomerular glycoprotein and glycosylated protein increased basement membrane thickening, increased permeability, and hypertension, autoimmune, genetic, etc. factor. Thus, the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy and diabetes control is good or bad to the length of the course of disease is closely related to clinical research found that effective control of diabetes can stop or delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy. At present, diabetic nephropathy is still one of the most serious complications of diabetes, diabetes is one of the most important causes of death.

 According to clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy can be divided into: common in patients with a history of more than 10 years, is the main cause of death in type 1 diabetes is divided into five: Ⅰ: increased glomerular filtration rate and renal volume increased to feature. This initial lesion is consistent with hyperglycemia, but is reversible and can be restored by insulin therapy, but does not necessarily completely restore normal glomerular hypertrophy leading to increased filtration.

Ⅱ period: the urinary albumin excretion rate is normal but the glomerular structure has been changed. This period of urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) normal (<20μg / min or <30mg / 24h), UAE increased after exercise rest after rest. Glomerular capillary basement membrane (GBM) thickening and increased mesangial matrix, GFR more than normal and consistent with the blood glucose levels, GFR> 150mL / min patients with glycated hemoglobin often > 9.5%. GFR> 150mL / min and UAE> 30μg / min after the patients more likely to develop clinical diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic renal damage in patients with stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ more normal blood pressure. Ⅰ, Ⅱ GFR patients increased, UAE normal, so the two can not be called diabetic nephropathy protein filtration stage Ⅲ: also known as early diabetic nephropathy. Urinary albumin excretion rate of 20 ~ 200μg / min, the patient's blood pressure increased slightly, began to appear abandoned glomerular. Ⅳ period: clinical diabetic nephropathy or dominant diabetic nephropathy. This phase is characterized by massive albuminuria (greater than 3.5 grams per day), edema and hypertension. Diabetic nephropathy is more serious edema, poor response to diuretics. Stage V: end-stage renal failure. Diabetic patients once the persistent urinary protein development for clinical diabetic nephropathy, due to extensive glomerular basement membrane thickening, glomerular capillary luminal stenosis and more glomerular waste, renal filtration function decreased, Leading to renal failure. The progress of diabetic nephropathy in each patient is different, and some patients with mild proteinuria sustainable for many years, while renal function has remained normal. Some patients with minimal proteinuria, but soon developed into severe proteinuria (≥ 3 to 5 g / day) such patients with poor prognosis.

 Treatment of diabetic nephropathy principles: ① strict control of blood sugar, blood sugar as close to normal levels as possible to prevent and delay the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy; ② delay the rate of renal dysfunction; ③ dialysis treatment and kidney transplantation. Prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy: 1. Strict control of blood sugar, before the emergence of clinical diabetic nephropathy, that is, early in the diabetes, insulin pump or subcutaneous insulin injections to strictly control diabetes, so that blood sugar remained normal, can delay or even prevent diabetes The occurrence and development of nephropathy, reduce the increased glomerular filtration rate and improve microalbuminuria. Other complications are also beneficial. According to the DCCT study, T1DM with intensive insulin therapy, the incidence of diabetic nephropathy decreased by 35 %% - 55 %%. Has been developed to clinical diabetic nephropathy, there are significant proteinuria, blood glucose control to help the development of its disease smaller. After the emergence of clinical diabetic nephropathy, hypoglycemic drugs should generally use insulin. 2. Control of high blood pressure, high blood pressure will promote the development of renal failure, effective antihypertensive treatment can slow down the rate of glomerular filtration rate, reduce urinary albumin excretion. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin Ⅱ receptor antagonists can be used as the drug of choice, often in combination with other antihypertensive drugs. Other antihypertensive agents such as calcium antagonists, diuretics, beta-blockers, methyldopa, clonidine, etc. are also effective. Diabetic patients with blood pressure ≥ 130 / 80mmHg should use antihypertensive drugs, should be controlled at 130 / / 80mmHg the following. Treatment with antihypertensive drugs, the relatively healthy glomerular glomerular capillary pressure drop and continue to survive, but has been completely blocked the glomerular obstruction, water can not be filtered, the protein can not leak. It was observed that blood pressure decreased from 160 / 95mmHg to 135/85-mmHg, urinary protein excretion was significantly reduced glomerular filtration rate decreased from lml / / min · month to 0.35ml / / min · month . Diabetic nephropathy patients also significantly longer survival, antihypertensive treatment 10 years before the cumulative mortality rate of 50 %% - 70 %%, after treatment down to 18 %%. Antihypertensive therapy is also beneficial for diabetic retinopathy. 3. Diabetic nephropathy has occurred in patients with restricted protein intake, an appropriate diet to reduce the amount of protein (0.8 / kg · d) can reduce glomerular pressure, reduce high filtration and reduce proteinuria. On the contrary, to high-protein diet will aggravate glomerular histological lesions. Renal dysfunction has occurred should limit the intake of protein, and should eat essential amino acids with high protein. 4. Patients with advanced dialysis and renal transplantation can be implemented, once the emergence of renal failure, dialysis and kidney transplantation is the only effective way. Kidney transplantation is the best way to treat diabetes uremia, better than dialysis. Patients> 65 years old are poorly transplanted. 5. Attention to personal hygiene to prevent the occurrence of urinary tract infections. 6. Avoid the use of drugs harmful to the kidneys.

ABOUT DIABETES: ARE YOU AT RISK?

What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease in which your body cannot regulate sugar. It occurs if your body does not make insulin or cannot use it very well. Insulin is a hormone that controls how much sugar is in your blood. Blood sugar is also called “glucose.” A high blood sugar level can cause problems in many parts of your body.
Diabetes cannot be cured, but it can be well managed with diet, exercise, and medications. Many people live a long, active life with diabetes.
Are there different types of diabetes?
There are two main types of diabetes — type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 diabetes
With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make enough insulin. Type 1 usually starts when you are a child or young adult, but it can happen at any age. About 5 to 10 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1. It is treated with:
Taking daily insulin shots or using an insulin pump
Healthy eating
Physical activity
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, your body makes insulin but cannot use it well. Type 2 usually starts when you are over age 40, but it is becoming more common in younger people. In fact, many young people and children are developing type 2 nowadays.
About 90 to 95% of all people with diabetes have type 2. It is the most common type of diabetes. It is often associated with being overweight and tends to run in families.
Initially, type 2 diabetes may be treated with exercise, weight control, and a healthier diet. If these are not enough to control blood sugar, pills or insulin may be needed.
Am I at risk for diabetes?
Anyone can get diabetes. However, you have a higher risk for diabetes if you are:
Overweight
Inactive (exercise less than three times a week)
African-American/Black, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Hispanic, Pacific Islander or Asian
Age 45 or older
Have a family history of diabetes
Have high blood pressure
Have abnormal blood fats (cholesterol or triglycerides)
Some of these risk factors are things you cannot change, like your ethnic background or age. But others are things you can change, like being overweight or having an inactive lifestyle.
What are the “warning signs” of diabetes?
Not everyone has warning signs. Diabetes is called a “silent disease” because many people do not have any. You may have some warning signs, or you may not. Some of the warning signs are:
Being very thirsty
Urinating often (especially at night)
Feeling very hungry or tired
Losing weight without trying
Having sores that heal slowly
Having dry, itchy skin
Losing the feeling in your feet or having tingling in your feet
Having blurry eyesight
How will I know if I have diabetes?
The best way to know if you have diabetes is to get tested for it. This is done with a simple blood test to check your blood sugar levels. If you are at risk for diabetes, talk to your healthcare provider. Ask to be tested for it.
What can I do if I am at risk for diabetes?
Be physically active on a regular basis
Lose weight, if you need to
Eat less fat
Keep your blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood fats under control
Get tested for diabetes
What if I already have diabetes?
Talk to your healthcare team. They will work with you to create a treatment plan to manage your diabetes. Your treatment plan may include diet, exercise, and medication. By keeping your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol under control, you can stop or slow down other health problems caused by diabetes. Learn all you can and take an active role in your healthcare.
Where can I get more information?
The National Kidney Foundation has free booklets that provide more information about diabetes. Call the national toll-free number 855.653.2273 and ask for free booklets on diabetes. You can see these and other titles at www.kidney.org/store.
Date Reviewed: November 2014

If you would like more information, please contact us.

6 EASY WAYS TO PREVENT KIDNEY STONES

Did you know that one in ten people will have a kidney stone over the course of a lifetime? Recent studies have shown that kidney stone rates are on the rise across the country. Those in the know believe that some major misconceptions may be the culprit.
The National Kidney Foundation has teamed up with Dr. Allan Jhagroo, a kidney stone specialist at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, to help you stay stone-free by debunking some of the major kidney stone myths and misconceptions.
Here are the top 6 kidney stone prevention tips:
Don't Underestimate Your Sweat. Saunas, hot yoga and heavy exercise may be good for your health, but they also may lead to kidney stones. Why? Loss of water through sweating - whether due to these activities or just the heat of summer—leads to less urine production. The more you sweat, the less you urinate, which allows for stone-causing minerals to settle and bond in the kidneys and urinary tract.
Instead: Hydrate with H2O. One of the best measures you can take to avoid kidney stones is to drink plenty of water, leading you to urinate a lot. So, be sure to keep well hydrated, especially when engaging in exercise or activities that cause a lot of sweating.
It's Not Just the Oxalate. Oxa-what? Oxalate is naturally found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, grains, legumes, and even chocolate and tea. Some examples of foods that contain high levels of oxalate include: peanuts, rhubarb, spinach, beets, chocolate and sweet potatoes. Moderating intake of these foods may be beneficial for people who form calcium oxalate stones, the leading type of kidney stones. A common misconception is that cutting the oxalate-rich foods in your diet alone will reduce the likelihood of forming calcium oxalate kidney stones. While in theory this might be true, this approach isn't smart from an overall health perspective. Most kidney stones are formed when oxalate binds to calcium while urine is produced by the kidneys.
Instead: Eat and drink calcium and oxalate-rich foods together during a meal. In doing so, oxalate and calcium are more likely to bind to one another in the stomach and intestines before the kidneys begin processing, making it less likely that kidney stones will form.
Calcium is Not the Enemy. But it tends to get a bad rap! Most likely due to its name and composition, many are under the impression that calcium is the main culprit in calcium-oxalate stones. "I still see patients who wonder why they are getting recurring stones despite cutting down on their calcium intake," said Dr. Jhagroo. "I've even had patients say that their doctors told them to reduce their calcium intake." A diet low in calcium actually increases one's risk of developing kidney stones.
Instead: Don't reduce the calcium. Work to cut back on the sodium in your diet and to pair calcium-rich foods with oxalate-rich foods.
It's Not One and Done. Passing a kidney stone is often described as one of the most painful experiences a person can have, but unfortunately, it's not always a one-time event. Studies have shown that having even one stone greatly increases your chances of having another. "Most people will want to do anything they can to ensure it doesn't happen again," said Dr. Jhagroo. "Unfortunately, it doesn't seem to be the case that people make the changes they need to after their first stone event." Research conducted by Dr. Jhagroo shows that those with kidney stones do not always heed the advice of their nephrologists and urinary specialists. About 15% of kidney stone patients didn't take prescribed medications and 41% did not follow the nutritional advice that would keep stones from recurring.
Instead: Take action! Without the right medications and diet adjustments, stones can come back, and recurring kidney stones also could be an indicator of other problems, including kidney disease.
When Life Hands You Kidney Stones… don't fret. And as the saying goes, "make lemonade." It's important to consider dietary remedies alongside prescription medications. While it may seem easier to just take a pill to fix a medical problem, consider what lifestyle changes will also make a big impact on your health.
Instead: Next time you drive past a lemonade (or limeade) stand, consider your kidneys. Chronic kidney stones are often treated with potassium citrate, but studies have shown that limeade, lemonade and other fruits and juices high in natural citrate offers the same stone-preventing benefits. Beware of the sugar, though, because it can increase kidney stone risk. Instead, buy sugar-free lemonade, or make your own by mixing lime or lemon juice with water and using a sugar substitute if needed. "We believe that citrate in the urine may prevent the calcium from binding with other constituents that lead to stones," said Dr. Jhagroo. "Also, some evidence suggests that citrate may prevent crystals that are already present from binding with each other, thus preventing them from getting bigger."
Not All Stones are Created Equal. In addition to calcium oxalate stones, another common type of kidney stones is uric acid stones. Red meat, organ meats, and shellfish have high concentrations of a natural chemical compound known as purines. "High purine intake leads to a higher production of uric acid and produces a larger acid load for the kidneys to excrete," said Dr. Jhagroo. Higher uric acid excretion leads to lower overall urine pH, which means the urine is more acidic. The high acid concentration of the urine makes it easier for uric acid stones to form.
Instead: To prevent uric acid stones, cut down on high-purine foods such as red meat, organ meats, and shellfish, and follow a healthy diet that contains mostly vegetables and fruits, whole grains, and low fat dairy products. Limit sugar-sweetened foods and drinks, especially those that contain high fructose corn syrup. Limit alcohol because it can increase uric acid levels in the blood and avoid crash diets for the same reason..Eating less animal-based protein and eating more fruits and vegetables will help decrease urine acidity and this will help reduce the chance for stone formation.
See also in this A-Z guide:
Diet and Kidney Stones
Kidney Stones
Kidney Stone Treatment: Ureteroscopy
Kidney Stone Treatment: Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Understanding Kidney Disease -- the Basics

Diabetes (types 1 and 2) and high blood pressure are the most common causes.
Immune system diseases, such as lupus, and long-term viral illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, can also cause problems.
Urinary tract infections within the kidneys themselves, called pyelonephritis, can lead to scarring as the infection heals. Multiple episodes can lead to kidney damage.
You could have inflammation in the tiny filters (glomeruli) within your kidneys. This can happen after a strep infection.
Polycystic kidney disease, where fluid-filled cysts form in your kidneys, is the most common type of inherited kidney disease.
Defects present at birth are often the result of a urinary tract obstruction or malformation that affects the kidneys. One of the most common involves a kind of valve between the bladder and urethra. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb, can often be repaired with surgery by a urologist.

Drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications, such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen and naproxen, and intravenous "street" drugs can permanently damage your kidneys. So can being around certain chemicals over time.

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine. When chronic kidney disease reaches an advanced stage, dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes can build up in your body.

In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you may have few signs or symptoms. Chronic kidney disease may not become apparent until your kidney function is significantly impaired.

Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of the kidney damage, usually by controlling the underlying cause. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Signs and symptoms of kidney disease may include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue and weakness
• Sleep problems
• Changes in how much you urinate
• Decreased mental sharpness
• Muscle twitches and cramps
• Swelling of feet and ankles
• Persistent itching
• Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
• Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
• High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control

Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific, meaning they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are highly adaptable and able to compensate for lost function, signs and symptoms may not appear until irreversible damage has occurred.

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of kidney disease.

If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of kidney disease, your doctor is likely to monitor your blood pressure and kidney function with urine and blood tests during regular office visits. Ask your doctor whether these tests are necessary for you.

different kind of kidney disease complication

Immune system diseases, such as lupus, and long-term viral illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, can also cause problems.
Urinary tract infections within the kidneys themselves, called pyelonephritis, can lead to scarring as the infection heals. Multiple episodes can lead to kidney damage.
You could have inflammation in the tiny filters (glomeruli) within your kidneys. This can happen after a strep infection.
Polycystic kidney disease, where fluid-filled cysts form in your kidneys, is the most common type of inherited kidney disease.
Defects present at birth are often the result of a urinary tract obstruction or malformation that affects the kidneys. One of the most common involves a kind of valve between the bladder and urethra. These defects, sometimes found while a baby is still in the womb, can often be repaired with surgery by a urologist.

Drugs and toxins, including long-term use of some medications, such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen and naproxen, and intravenous "street" drugs can permanently damage your kidneys. So can being around certain chemicals over time.

Understanding Kidney Disease -- the Basics

What Is Kidney Disease?

The kidneys are two organs located in your midsection on either side of your spine in the middle of your back, just above the waist. They clean your blood, keep the balance of salt and minerals in your blood, and help control blood pressure.

When your kidneys are damaged, waste products and fluid can build up in your body, causing swelling in your ankles, vomiting, weakness, poor sleep, and shortness of breath. If you don't treat them, diseased kidneys may eventually stop working completely. Loss of kidney function is a serious -- and potentially fatal -- condition.

Healthy kidneys:

• Maintain a balance of water and minerals, such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus, in your blood
• Remove waste by-products from your blood after digestion, muscle activity, and exposure to chemicals or medications
• Make renin, an enzyme that helps regulate blood pressure
• Make erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production
• Make an active form of vitamin D, needed for bone health

• What Causes Acute Kidney Injury?

  Doctors call the sudden loss of kidney function "acute kidney injury" or "acute renal failure" (ARF). It has three main causes:
  • Lack of blood flow to the kidneys
  • Direct damage to the kidneys themselves
  • Urine backed up in the kidneys
  These can happen when you:
  • Have a traumatic injury with blood loss
  • Are dehydrated
  • Go into shock during a severe infection called sepsis
  • Have a blocked urine flow, which can happen with an enlarged prostate
  • Take specific drugs or are around certain toxins
  • Get complications with a pregnancy, such as eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, or related HELLP Syndrome
  Marathon runners and other athletes who don't drink enough fluids while competing in long-distance endurance events may get acute renal failure because of a sudden breakdown of muscle tissue. This releases a large amount of protein into the bloodstream called myoglobin that can damage the kidneys.

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome in children

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome in children

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome in children is mainly a large number of proteinuria, and then hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia and varying degrees of edema, edema of children with nephrotic syndrome can be both lower limb edema, nephrotic syndrome in children with common complications Disease specific description is as follows:

(1) infection: due to a large number of immunoglobulin from the urine loss, plasma protein decreased, affecting antibody formation. Adrenal cortex hormones and cytotoxic substances used, so that the patient's body resistance decreased, prone to infection, such as skin infections, primary peritonitis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infection, and even induced sepsis.

(2) coronary heart disease: pediatric nephrotic syndrome patients often hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulable state of the blood, so prone to coronary heart disease. It was reported nephrotic syndrome in patients with myocardial infarction incidence of 8 times higher than normal. Coronary heart disease has become the third cause of nephrotic syndrome death (second only to infection and renal failure).

(3) thrombosis: pediatric nephrotic syndrome in patients prone to thrombosis, in particular, the incidence of membranous nephropathy up to 25% to 40%. The formation of thrombosis due to edema, less patient activity, venous stasis, hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity increased viscosity, high levels of fibrinogen and v, Ⅶ, Ⅷ, x factor increased and the use of adrenal cortex hormones and blood-prone Hypercoagulable state.

(4) acute renal failure: children with nephrotic syndrome due to a large number of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, the body often in low blood volume and hypercoagulable state, vomiting, diarrhea, the use of anti-hypertensive and Diuresis diuresis, a large number of diuretic, renal blood perfusion can make a sudden decrease, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate, leading to acute renal failure. In addition, nephrotic syndrome, renal interstitial edema, protein concentration of tubulointerstitial tubular obstruction and other factors, can also induce acute renal failure.

(5) electrolyte and metabolic disorders: repeated use of diuretics or long-term unreasonable ban salt, can cause children with nephrotic syndrome secondary to hyponatremia; the use of adrenal cortex hormones and a large number of diuretics lead to a large number of urination, Potassium, prone to hypokalemia.

These are Xiaobian to introduce the complications of nephrotic syndrome in children, through the above complications, I hope parents and friends must learn more about nephrotic syndrome, so that early detection and early treatment, try to avoid the occurrence of these complications The harm to the child.

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a type of nephropathy, appeared after the injury to the patient's body is great, if not early treatment will lead to a lot of complications, then, nephropathy What are the complications of severe syndromes? Here we give the relevant introduction.

Usually in the hormone treatment without the use of antibiotics to prevent infection, or not only fail to prevent the purpose, but may induce fungal double infection. Once the infection, should be used in time sensitive to pathogens, potent and no renal toxicity of antibiotics, active treatment, a clear infection foci should be removed as soon as possible. Severe infections difficult to control should be considered to reduce or disable the hormone, but depending on the specific circumstances of patients.

Complications of nephrotic syndrome are:

1, due to a large number of immunoglobulin from the urine loss, plasma protein decreased, affecting antibody formation. Adrenal cortex hormones and cytotoxic drugs, making the patient body resistance decreased, prone to infection, such as skin infections, primary peritonitis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infection, and even induced sepsis.

2, nephrotic syndrome patients often accompanied by hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulable state of the blood, which is prone to coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease has become another cause of nephrotic syndrome, another important cause of death (second only to infection and renal failure).

3, nephrotic syndrome in patients prone to thrombosis, especially the incidence of membranous nephropathy up to 25% to 40%.

4, patients with nephrotic syndrome due to a large number of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, the body often in the hypovolemia and hypercoagulable state, vomiting, diarrhea, the use of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics diuretic Renal blood perfusion can suddenly reduce, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate, leading to acute renal failure.

Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a common disease, divided into primary and secondary two, mainly to primary glomerular disease. Nephrotic syndrome What are the specific hazards? The following is related.

Nephrotic syndrome has a certain degree of harm, the incidence of hyperlipidemia and hypercoagulable state often blood, it is easy to lead to coronary heart disease. It was reported nephrotic syndrome in patients with myocardial infarction incidence of 8 times higher than normal. Coronary heart disease has become the third cause of nephrotic syndrome death (second only to infection and renal failure).

2, nephrotic syndrome, the dangers are very large, generally lead to acute renal failure. This is because when the nephrotic syndrome, renal interstitial edema, protein concentration tube formation of tubular obstruction and other factors, can induce acute renal failure.

3, nephrotic syndrome in the course of the disease, due to a large number of immunoglobulin from the urine loss, plasma protein decreased, affecting antibody formation. Adrenal cortex hormones and cytotoxic drugs, the patient's body resistance decreased, vulnerable to infection, such as skin infections, primary peritonitis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infection, and even induce sepsis.

4, patients due to a large number of hyperlipidemia, proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, the body often in hypovolemia and hypercoagulable state; vomiting, diarrhea, the use of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics large diuretic, A sudden reduction in blood perfusion, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate, leading to acute renal failure.

What are the main hazards of nephrotic syndrome?

What are the main hazards of nephrotic syndrome?

Kidney is one of the body's five internal organs, its health or not completely affect the health of the human body. Nephrotic syndrome is a more serious form of kidney disease. We do not know much about this disease in our lives, and its severity is manifested in the fact that it causes many other diseases and can lead to other diseases in the human body. The normal operation of the system.

What are the main hazards of nephrotic syndrome?

1, nephrotic syndrome in the course of the disease a large number of immunoglobulin from the urine will be lost, plasma protein decreased, affecting antibody formation. Adrenal cortical hormones and cytotoxic drug applications, the patient's body resistance decreased, prone to infection, such as skin infections, primary peritonitis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infection, and even induce sepsis.

2, nephrotic syndrome will induce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, nephrotic syndrome patients usually have symptoms of hypertension, hypertension is also one of the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, or cause a lot of important factors of disease, we must not overlook the , Nephrotic syndrome in patients with severe hypertension, easily lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and so on. Therefore, the harm caused by high blood pressure can not be overlooked.

3, the incidence of nephrotic syndrome often have hyperlipidemia or hypercoagulable state of the blood, which easily lead to patients with coronary heart disease. According to some reports, the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with nephrotic syndrome is higher than the normal people more than 8 times. This is a major risk of nephrotic syndrome.

4, nephrotic syndrome will cause serious damage to the regulatory mechanism, according to the survey of experts, patients with nephrotic syndrome are generally a large number of proteinuria and severe edema symptoms, to the patient's physical and mental health are caused great harm . As the onset of nephrotic syndrome hidden, if symptoms can not be timely treatment, leading to disease spread. As patients with nephrotic syndrome, there will be proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, edema, renal regulation of the mechanism of serious damage.

5, nephrotic syndrome, what is the main hazards, nephrotic syndrome patients due to a large number of hyperlipidemia, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, resulting in the body is often in the low blood volume and hypercoagulable state. Vomiting, diarrhea, the use of antihypertensive drugs and a large number of diuretic diuretics, can cause a sudden decrease in renal blood perfusion, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate, leading to acute renal failure.

6, nephrotic syndrome is generally can lead to the emergence of acute renal failure. This is due to nephrotic syndrome, renal interstitial edema, protein concentration of the formation of the tubular plug the renal tubular and other factors, can induce acute renal failure. This is a common nephrotic syndrome, the main hazards.

Nephrotic syndrome in the pathogenesis often accompanied by symptoms of other diseases, resulting in nephrotic syndrome in the cause of kidney damage will also cause some of the body's other features of the destruction of some, that is, the disease dragged the longer the longer Will endanger the greater the ultimate function of the kidney will eventually failure to complete the function of the kidney is completely lost, is a completely can not delay the disease.

What are the main hazards of nephrotic syndrome?

What are the main hazards of nephrotic syndrome?

Kidney is one of the body's five internal organs, its health or not completely affect the health of the human body. Nephrotic syndrome is a more serious form of kidney disease. We do not know much about this disease in our lives, and its severity is manifested in the fact that it causes many other diseases and can lead to other diseases in the human body. The normal operation of the system.

What are the main hazards of nephrotic syndrome?

1, nephrotic syndrome in the course of the disease a large number of immunoglobulin from the urine will be lost, plasma protein decreased, affecting antibody formation. Adrenal cortical hormones and cytotoxic drug applications, the patient's body resistance decreased, prone to infection, such as skin infections, primary peritonitis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infection, and even induce sepsis.

2, nephrotic syndrome will induce cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, nephrotic syndrome patients usually have symptoms of hypertension, hypertension is also one of the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, or cause a lot of important factors of disease, we must not overlook the , Nephrotic syndrome in patients with severe hypertension, easily lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and so on. Therefore, the harm caused by high blood pressure can not be overlooked.

3, the incidence of nephrotic syndrome often have hyperlipidemia or hypercoagulable state of the blood, which easily lead to patients with coronary heart disease. According to some reports, the incidence of myocardial infarction in patients with nephrotic syndrome is higher than the normal people more than 8 times. This is a major risk of nephrotic syndrome.

4, nephrotic syndrome will cause serious damage to the regulatory mechanism, according to the survey of experts, patients with nephrotic syndrome are generally a large number of proteinuria and severe edema symptoms, to the patient's physical and mental health are caused great harm . As the onset of nephrotic syndrome hidden, if symptoms can not be timely treatment, leading to disease spread. As patients with nephrotic syndrome, there will be proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, edema, renal regulation of the mechanism of serious damage.

5, nephrotic syndrome, what is the main hazards, nephrotic syndrome patients due to a large number of hyperlipidemia, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, resulting in the body is often in the low blood volume and hypercoagulable state. Vomiting, diarrhea, the use of antihypertensive drugs and a large number of diuretic diuretics, can cause a sudden decrease in renal blood perfusion, thereby reducing the glomerular filtration rate, leading to acute renal failure.

6, nephrotic syndrome is generally can lead to the emergence of acute renal failure. This is due to nephrotic syndrome, renal interstitial edema, protein concentration of the formation of the tubular plug the renal tubular and other factors, can induce acute renal failure. This is a common nephrotic syndrome, the main hazards.

Nephrotic syndrome in the pathogenesis often accompanied by symptoms of other diseases, resulting in nephrotic syndrome in the cause of kidney damage will also cause some of the body's other features of the destruction of some, that is, the disease dragged the longer the longer Will endanger the greater the ultimate function of the kidney will eventually failure to complete the function of the kidney is completely lost, is a completely can not delay the disease.